The theme system

The threat posed by the Arabs in the 7^th century necessitated the restructuring of the administrative system, gradually leading to the establishment of themes. Defensive capabilities in the new system relied on farmer soldiers, or citizens who were granted lands in exchange for military service. Each theme was governed by a Strategos (General). Crete was first incorporated into the new imperial administrative system as an archontia, becoming a theme in the 8^th century. The names of several commanders on the island are now known to us, such as Stephanos Strategos; Nikolaos, Consul, Royal Guard and Lord of Crete; Petronas, Royal Guard and Lord of Crete.